Introduction To Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Introduction To Management - Essay Example As of now this market is mainly dominated by two players, Coca-Cola and Pepsi. The rising popularity of soft drinks has contributed immensely towards the growth and prosperity of Europe and America. Today the soft-drink industry employs more than 110,000 Americans with a payroll of more than $5 billion payroll dollars. Historically Coca-Cola has dominated the industry. Until 1950 Pepsi raised hardly a flicker of recognition. But now Pepsi has become a force to reckon with. Let us underline the present circumstances; Political Factors: During the Second World War Pepsi and Coke both enjoyed increased sales as they followed the flag around the world. However, after the war ended, and incomes improved, Pepsi's sales figures started decreasing. Things improved for Pepsi mainly when after Mr. Alfred N. Steele took over the Presidency. Mr. Steele could bring in this turnaround mainly in two phases. The first phase lasted from 1950 to 1955. In this phase all out efforts were made to overcome the shortcomings of Pepsi. During the second phase, lasting from 1955 to 1960 Pepsi started direct offensive against Coca-Cola. That was the time when Coca-Cola started accepting the formidable presence of Pepsi and responding to its overtures as well. The present political conditions in US and Europe are more or less stable, with the respective governments not taking sides. Both Pepsi and coca-cola have been contributing in good measure towards the political campaigns of diverse political parties and the governme nts. One factor which has certainly come to the advantage of coca-cola is the FIFA world cup 2006 in Germany, a formidable part of European market. Euro is now the currency of twelve European Union countries, stretching from the Mediterranean to the Arctic Circle (namely Belgium, Germany, Greece, Spain, France, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Austria, Portugal and Finland). Euro came into existence on 1st January 1999 when eleven (later twelve) EU countries established the conversion rates between their respective national currencies and Euro with formal circulation of bank notes and coins from 1st January 2002. Coca-Cola being the official partner of World cup soccer under these changed circumstances, not only brought it closer to the respective establishment, but having a borderless big area where people could move freely to see the football matches the frenzy generated has indeed helped coca-cola by leaps and bounds. Pepsi too appear to have recognized the trend and is focusing mainly on the markets of developing countries for now. Economic Factors: While analyzing the markets the economic factors that need to be taken care of are; Current and project economic growth, inflation and interest rates Labor supply, labor costs and unemployment Levels of disposable income and income distribution Stage of business cycle Impact of globalization Marketers need to consider the state of a trading economy in the short and long-terms. This is especially true when planning for international marketing. The soft drink industry is more than liquid refreshment and jobs and dollars. It is an industry that strongly believes in preserving the ideals and principles that helped it

The Presidency Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

The Presidency - Essay Example He was barely twenty years old when he started out with FBI in this modest fashion. He climbed up the career ladder steadily thereafter. His appointment as the Assistant Special Agent in Charge (ASAC) in Chicago is a notable milestone. But it is the World Trade Center (WTC) bombing at Oklahoma in 1993 that would prove to be a turning point in his career. A year later he was made supervisor of VAPCON in 1994. From this point onwards John was deeply involvement in counter-terror operations for the rest of his life. In hindsight a lot of warnings given by O’Neill have proven to be right. His fractious relationship with the FBI bosses and his own abrasive personality had created distrust or disregard for the information that he was passing on. Though a lone voice among his colleagues, he kept repeating the threat of terrorist attacks till the very end of his tenure with the FBI. In the last few years of his service, he served as the Chief of Counterterrorism Section within the FBI . Despite this critical position he held within the national intelligence apparatus his words were not given due respect. Every time an important lead would emerge, â€Å"John would fight with Washington to make sure that we constantly took the lead on these investigations. So we would build this intelligence base, and so we would have investigators that had the institutional knowledge and that was the way it was.† (Clint Guenther, Former FBI Agent NYC – Counterterrorism) Investigating the 911 terror attacks in retrospect, there is nothing inevitable about its occurrence. There were enough indications for the FBI to take preventative action. John O’Neill saw himself as the champion of this cause – one of saving America from a grave security threat. But, unfortunately, those around him, especially the top leaders in the FBI did not concur with O’Neill’s views. More than an odd lapse it is a systematic failure on part of the key national agenc y. Bureaucratic bungling and red tape have made O’Neill’s desperate attempts to communicate a challenge. Personal ego hassles between O’Neill and his peers and superiors was another mitigating factor. O’Neill’s abrasive personality rubbed off his colleagues the wrong way. As a result, the intelligence reports given out by O’Neill did not get the urgent attention that they merited. One needs to ask how personal favoritism and prejudice can undermine the high profile operations of the FBI. John O’Neill was quite vocal and persistent about the presence of Al Qaeda sleeper cells in the United States. John had communicated how the terror network had developed capabilities for attacking many strategic locations not just in the United States but anywhere in the world. It was O’Neill who identified Al Qaeda as the foremost threat to America -much ahead of his peers did. As his colleague Richard Clarke recounts, â€Å"I would go around the country to FBI offices and ask, "Is there an Al Qaeda presence in Chicago, in San Francisco, in Boston?" And typically the reaction I would get is, "What's Al Qaeda?"...But not with John. John knew what Al Qaeda was; he was among the first people to see the bin Laden threat. He believed there was a bin Laden network in the United States even if he couldn't prove it. So he was constantly trying to prove it†¦" (Richard Clarke, NSS Coordinator for Counterterrorism, 1992-2001) John O’

Safety of Miners in the Opal Fields

Safety of Miners in the Opal Fields Summary This essay focuses on safety of miners in the opal fields. It looks at the major potential hazards in the opal fields and ways to ensure safety from these hazards. These hazards include explosives, unstable ground, shafts, machinery and dust. The claim is only as safe as the miners who are working on it. If miners can not follow laws and preventions outlined then the claim will not be as safe as it could be. Introduction Opal mining is an exciting but potentially hazardous occupation. A responsible miner should be able to identify and minimise risks. Many people can come onto a claim such as noodlers, miners and tourists. The claim can either be current with people working or it could be old and abandoned. The condition that the claim is left in has a major impact on the safety of any person who walks onto the claim. Specific laws and regulations have been set down by the government, which must be abided by to ensure a minimum safety standard is set. The top five potential hazards are explosives, unstable ground, shafts, machinery and dust. Content Claim Preparation Many risks arise from previously worked areas. Old workings such as drill holes and backfilled or covered shafts, which could be covered by vegetation, are potential risks. Shaft positions should be approximated if mining nearby. As these old shafts can collapse, it is advisable to leave a safe distance between shafts. If work is to be commenced in old shafts a number of checks should be completed. Drives, pillars and levels poor ground should all be checked and noted. Notes may include workings on two levels with the lower level directly beneath the upper. Large un-pillared areas, thin crowned pillars and fretting or cracking of pillars. Lastly cracks in the wall and roof and pillar size should also be checked. Claim boundaries are also a key point to avoid breaking into other neighbouring shafts. Explosives Experience in using and handling explosives can often lead to complacency. Inexperienced people not only can be potentially dangerous to them but can also pose risks with miss fires, unstable walls and fly rock. Licences to purchase, transport, store, handle and use explosives must be acquired and kept up to date. This ensures a minimum standard of safety is achieved. Not only are licenses important to ensure safety but storage, transport and use of explosives can be more important. Ensuring that all explosive equipment is stored appropriately is a must. Explosives should be stored correctly in a cool, dry place with detonators stored separately from explosive material. Other storage measures which should be met is that the explosive boxes are wood lined and locked. The boxes must be wood lined to ensure no static build up occurs and creates a spark. The storage areas of diesel and Nitropril should be well separated to ensure if there is a spill that they do not mix. Many laws are already put in place for the way explosives are transported, prepared and blasted. These laws are put in place for a specific reason which is safety, any deviation from the processes set out could result in a potential injury. Explosive Fumes Various gases are generated due to blasting. Gases such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides along and other noxious gases pose a potential health hazard after a blast. The reason these gases are dangerous is because they displace the oxygen available for breathing. For this reason adequate ventilation is required to release these gases before entering the blasted area. When a blast occurs a blast radius should be put in place to ensure the safety of other miners. In underground mines there is no law but it is recommended that miners do not stay underground. Gases generated from the blast can disperse throughout other shafts and may also cumulate their if there is inadequate airflow, the blast may also cause sections of the roof to collapse. Gases which are dispersed throughout the mine can cumulate in low or high cavities depending on the gas. Carbon Dioxide is heavier than air and can cumulate in low spots and floor cavities. Carbon Monoxide is lighter than air and can cumulate in high spots and roof cavities. Areas of known for having inadequate airflow should be checked after blasting to ensure the gas levels are at a safe level. Fans, blowers and other ventilation systems should be used to extract the noxious gases from the mine. These should be used in preference to natural ventilation as they are much quicker. Unstable Structures The geological structures of opal fields vary. There are some structures which can support a wide underground area, yet others are blocky material with faults which makes mining difficult and not recommended. Opal mining in South Australia is quite difficult as the general bearing rock is weathered, brittle and fractured. Each place in SA is different due to the stress distributions and rock types. With all of these factors it is up to the miner to decide weather it is safe to start underground mining in that area. In certain geological structures cave-ins can occur. A survey of the underground mining area should be done, noting old workings. Whenever underground a miner has to be constantly aware of the conditions especially the roof stability. An unstable roof which could be due to hidden faults could result in a rockfall which could be fatal. Weather conditions can also affect the wall structure and integrity. Air entering the mine can dry out ground and open up cracks, slides or faults. This drying of material can cause slabs of ground to fall. If a large amount of water gets into the mine the supporting strength of walls and pillars may be reduced. Care should be taken to identify if and fretting has occurred at the base of structures. Any operating shaft should have the entrance to it kept in good condition. Loose rocks, material and tools should all be cleared from the entrance as these can easily be knocked into the shaft. The likes of wind, weathering or even a blast close by could cause material to fall. For all of these reasons outlined with falling objects it is essential to wear a hard hat at all times. All of these factors can potentially be fatal, but these factors are generally overlooked as miners often become complacent and do not check the stability and strength of walls and roofs very often. These checks should become essential to a miners daily routine. Shafts Shafts are the key entry point to the underground sections of the mine. Keeping the shaft in good condition is essential to safety. Support structures at the top of the shaft, such as timbers and pipes, should be kept in good condition. When entering any new shaft weather it is blind or dead it is essential to ventilate the shaft to clear away gases. Underground areas must have at least two means of exit. This is in case one exit gets blocked for some reason which could be due to a rock fall. Having two exits requires regular maintenance to ensure that both mechanisms, which are subjected to corrosion and weathering, are safe to use. There is a significant risk of people falling down an open shaft. Not only are tourists at risk but also the miners. Small shafts can catch a persons leg or ankle and cause injuries whereas larger shafts pose risks of vehicles and people falling in. It is recommended to leave a ring of dirt around the shaft entrance to signify that a shaft is there. When a miner leaves the claim, it is their responsibility to leave the shaft and its surroundings in a safe condition. Manner Machinery When operating any machinery either above or below ground a pre-start check should be completed. This is to ensure the machine you are about to operate is in a safe working condition. Items which should be checked are fluid levels, tyre inflation and condition, track tension, gauges, lights, hydraulic rams, lines and buckets, brakes and steering. Any diesel machinery in operation gives off carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and other noxious gases. These gases are similar to blasting gases and can be fatal if inhaled in large concentrations. When in large concentrations these gases can not be seen or smelt. Care should be taken when operating any machinery underground ensuring adequate ventilation. Dust A major hazard when working at a mine is dust. Dust can cause or trigger numerous health problems such as skin irritation, allergies and respiratory damage. Generally particles of dust are caught within the nose, throat and bronchial tubes. A small amount of these particles however get into the breathing system, due to their size and shape. It is these particles which cause the most respiratory problems. Dust particles which are of a particular concern are silica. Silica is found predominantly in sandstone host rocks. High exposure to small silica particles can potentially cause a fatal lung disease called silicosis. Although all dust can not be tested for silica it is essential to restrict dust exposure to a minimum. Ways to control dust include extractors, collection systems and maximum airflow. Wearing a respirator or a dusk mask at the absolute minimum will help prevent the amount of dust that a miner will inhale. Although it is essential that the correct respirator or dust mask is used, as each one is different, depending on what cartridge is installed in the device. Electrical Operating machines or tools underground will generally use electricity. It is important to remember that electricity seeks the path of least resistance to earth. Most cases the path of least resistance is the human body as it is 80% water. It is vital that the design and installation of any electrical supply is safe. The miner can not come into contact with any live electrical component. Personal protective equipment Personal protective equipment (PPE) will help in protecting a miner from potential hazards. PPE is not a replacement for getting rid of a specific problem. It would be preferable to fit an extraction system for dust rather than wearing a dust mask. A number of items should be worn when working in a mining area such as hard hats, footwear, breathing, hearing and eye protection. Hard hats can be uncomfortable, fall off and restrict clearance in small spaces, but these inconveniences save lives. Footwear suitable for miners are steel capped boots. They provide much more support for ankles and grip when walking on loose and rugged surfaces. The steel cap provides protection for your toes if something drops or falls onto your feet. Breathing protection general comes from dust masks either rubber of paper. Both are designed to sit on a clean shaven face. If the miner has a bear or stubble the effectiveness of these masks is reduced. Hearing protection generally comes in two forms which are ear plugs and ear muffs. Ear protection only cuts out part of the noise, usually around 20db(A). Since only part of the noise is cut out it is important to ensure that the miner realises that higher levels of ear protection is required when working next to excessively noisy machines such as jack hammers. In general eye protection should be worn at all times. There is a constant risk of particles of some nature being airborne and possibly entering the eye. Damage to the eye may be something small like a scratch to actually losing an eye. Discussion These rules and advised safety precautions to be taken are put in place for a reason. It is solely to help protect the individual from getting injured or killed. But miners in the opal fields generally have the shell be right attitude. A large amount of preventions can be put in place to help ensure safety but if the miner does not follow them these are next to useless. They may think only a short amount of exposure to dust is fine, but if they continue to have exposure to dust containing silica they could cause the onset of silicosis. Not only can you do internal damage through various noxious gases and dusts, but a lot of damage can be done to the body itself. Cuts, sprains and broken bones are a number of things which can occur depending on how safe, cautious and or ignorant the miner is. Conclusions The top five potential hazards in opal field mining are explosives, unstable ground, shafts, machinery and dust. All of these potential hazards have laws, regulations and precautions put in place to ensure a minimum standard of safety. This minimum standard of safety is only reached if the person who enters the claim follows the guidelines. The bottom line being that safety in the opal fields comes down to each individual that enters the claim. If the miner is ignorant, complacent or plain lazy the safety of not only themselves but for others working with them could be at risk. It is the miners responsibility to ensure that not only are they safe but also fellow co-workers.

The Effects of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies on Humans Essa

The Effects of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies on Humans Abstract Humans have to deal with many different diseases and the ones most disliked are the ones with no cures. Like cancer, transmissible spongiform encephalopathies have no cure, but they are more rare. These diseases are prion diseases which cause the brain to deteriorate. Prions are proteins that sometimes behave like viruses, which mean that they should have some form of nucleic acid, but since they don’t, they cause abnormalities. The nervous system contains many normal prions, but when an abnormal prion comes along, it transforms all the normal prions into abnormal ones. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy is found in cattle, but it can be transmitted to humans. The Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease affects the elderly for reasons unknown, while Kuru affects those who practice cannibalism. Scrapie is found only in sheep and the Chronic Wasting Disease is found in deer and elk. As of right now, Kuru and Scrapie are not known to infect humans. Prion diseases affect many animals, such as cattle, sheep, deer, elk and humans. All mammals have prions, which are proteins that are found abundantly in the nervous system. The brain contains the most prions and is therefore dominantly affected by disease. The prion disease found in cattle is called bovine spongiform encephalopathy, or mad cow disease. Humans contract this disease by eating infected cows. The elderly usually contract the Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease for reasons unknown, and Kuru, which is extremely rare nowadays, is contracted by cannibalism. Scrapie infects sheep and the Chronic Wasting Disease infects deer and elk. Though there is no link to either Scrapie or Chronic Wasting Disease infecting humans, it is ... ...missible Spongiform Encephalopathies 6 References †¢ American Veterinary Medical Association. (2002, May). About Scrapie. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 7/25/05: http://www.avma.org/onlnews/javma/may02/s050102i.asp †¢ Australian Academy of Science. (1997, February). Mad Cow Disease-A Human Problem? Science. 7/25/05: http://www.science.org.au/nova/003/003key.htm †¢ CBC. (2003, December). Science and Symptoms. CBC News. 7/26/05: http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/madcow/science.html †¢ University of Toronto. (2003, June). Researchers Discover Possible Diagnosis, Treatment, Vaccine for Mad Cow, Prion Diseases. Science Daily. 7/26/05: http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2003/06/030602025719.htm †¢ U.S. National Library of Medicine. (2005, February). Prion Disease. Genetics Home Reference. 7/26/05: http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition=priondisease

Business Policy & Strategic Management

BUSINESS POLICY & STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT Objective: This course in Business Policy and Strategic Management is framed to help the students to learn the concepts related to Business Policies and Strategic Management so as to understand how a successful Business Policies and Strategies are framed at different levels of Management for organizational success and smooth functioning of an organization in today’s dynamic environment. I Introduction to Business Policy & Strategic Management: [9%] – Definition, Concept, Objective and Significance The levels at which strategy operates – Characteristic of Strategic Management – An Overview: Strategic Management Process – Concept of Strategic Decision Making II Strategy Formulation: [20%] – Understanding Strategic Intent: Vision, Mission, Business Definition, Goals and Objectives – Concepts of Strategic Stretch, Leverage & Fit – Environment Appraisal: Concept & Environmental Sector; PEST Anal ysis – Organizational Appraisal: Concepts & Capability Factors ; Porter’s Value Chain Model – Framework for developing Strategic Advantage SWOT Analysis as a Tool for assessing Organizational Capabilities and Environment Opportunities – Type of Strategies: Corporate Level (Concept of Grand Strategies) , Business Level and Functional Level. – Guidelines for Crafting Successful Business Strategies III Strategy Analysis and Choice: [22%] – Corporate Level Strategy Analysis: BCG Matrix & GE 9 cell Matrix, – Business Level Strategy Analysis: Life Cycle Analysis, Porter’s Five Forces of Industry Analysis – Concept of Strategic Decision Making. Subjective Factors in Strategic Choice and Process of Strategic Choice IV Strategy Implementation: [18 %] – Interrelation Between Strategy Formulation and Implementation – Aspects of Strategy Implementation – An overview of Project, Procedural Implementation, Resourc e Allocation – Structural Implementation: An overview of: Structural Consideration, Structure for Strategies. – Behavioral Implementation: An overview of: Leadership, Corporate Culture, Corporate Politics and Use of Power, Personal Values and Business Ethics. Functional /Operational Implementation: An overview of: Functional Strategies. V Strategy Evaluation and Control : [13%] – An Overview of Strategic Evaluation and Control – Strategic Control and Operational Control – Techniques for Strategic Evaluation and Control – Role of Organizational Systems in Evaluation – Mc Kinsey’s 7s Framework. VI. Cases in Strategic Management: [18%] – Minimum five cases encompassing the above topics to be analyzed and discussed in the class. Cases to be incorporated in Question Paper

Blake’s poems Essay

In some of Blake’s poems strong feelings are expressed about the society that he lives in. William Blake grew up as a conventionally religious person, but when his parents rejected the teachings of the church he began to read the stories from the bible with a fresh mind. Blake never attended school and had a solitary childhood. From the age of four Blades believed that God was speaking to him. . From then on he had many visions of angels and other mystic creatures. Blake was extremely happy when the French Revolution liberated the poor in France from aristocratic rule. However at the same time, Blake saw England being overtaken by a parrallel’Industrial Revolution’. that was destroying the countryside with factories, slums and waste. In this essay I will talk about the poems â€Å"London†, â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper†, (from the Songs of Innocence) and â€Å"Jerusalem†. Blake’s poem â€Å"London† talks about many things, such as, wealthy people having control and owning most things, such as property. We can see this when Blake says â€Å"I wander thro’ each chartered street, near where the chartered Thames does flow.† By this Blake means that there are privileges for people but only if you are rich. â€Å"Chartered† is referring to a document that gave people rights and privileges in return for money or support. Here Blake means â€Å"full of privilege† but only if you had the money to pay for it. Blake disagreed with the idea that if you were wealthy you had a right to privileges but if you were poor you had no rights. Blake creates strong images in the mind of the reader by telling us about shocking events. We can see this when Blake says â€Å"The hapless soldier’s sigh runs in blood down palace walls† This is referring to soldiers being brought in at the time of the ‘Industrial Revolution’ to stop the poor rebelling .We are given a graphic image of blood running down a wall after someone has been shot by a soldier. The word blood signifies to us the idea of guilt and in this case the soldier creates an image of violence. Also the soldier may not want to follow orders and fire on helpless people but knows he may be shot himself if he disobeys. Blake uses contractions that condense an idea, forming vivid and powerful connections. Sometimes he uses a hyphen, and at other times he simply juxtaposes two words to startle the reader. We can see this in the last line of â€Å"London† And blights with plagues the marriage hearse. with the words â€Å"marriage hearse† These words shock the reader because the two words bring up different and opposite images, one joyous and the other sad. The word marriage means the joining together of two people to start a new life together, whilst a hearse is a carriage or car used to carry you in your coffin to your grave. The phrase â€Å"marriage hearse† could be saying that marriage is what leads you to your death. In this case because the â€Å"harlot’s curse†, syphilis and or V.D.,caught by the groom ,from visiting the prostitutes that Blake talks about in his poem can kill the new bride and any children they have. This could also show that Blake was opposed to the idea of marriage which was another form of his rebellion against the churches teachings. Blake often chooses to repeat a word for added emphasis. It is typical of Blake that the chosen word often has more than one meaning. This allows Blake to express more than one idea at a time. A n example of this is when Blake uses the word â€Å"mark† three times on different lines. â€Å"A mark in every face I meet, Marks of weakness, marks of woe.† The first time Blake mentions the word â€Å"mark† it could mean a sign maybe of poverty or struggle however the second time â€Å"mark† is mentioned it means a sign of weakness, such as drunkenness. The last time â€Å"mark† is used it is referring to a scar, a wound. This adds emphasis to Blake’s point because the reader has to think about each meaning to understand the line. It could be argued that Blake was trying to say that the people of â€Å"London† were mentally affected by the horrors of industrialisation. Blake uses grammatically unusual phrases such as the phrase â€Å"mind forged manacles† in his poems. This may be because Blake wishes to create a stronger or stranger image. This is very effective because as with the word â€Å"mark† it creates a very strong image of mental anguish for the people of â€Å"London† This may be saying that the effects of living in a largely populated industrial area are bad for you and causes people to suffer restrictions caused by their own minds and thoughts. Hence the phrase â€Å"mind forged manacles†. The poem is telling us that the chains that hold us are mental chains. Chains of our own making chaining our own freedom of imagination In â€Å"London† Blake uses changes in rhythm to draw attention to certain lines. (Especially in verse two) An example of this is when the pace of the last line of each verse slows down, thus drawing attention to it. In every cry of every man In every infants’s cry of fear, In every voice, in every ban, The mind -forged manacles I hear: We can see that this is also often the same with the order of the verses. The last verse has a slower pace than the other verses. There is an example of this change in rhythm in the start of the fourth verse when Blake starts with the word â€Å"But†. But most, through midnight streets I hear How the youthful harlot’s curse Blasts the new -born infants’s tear, And blights with plagues the marriage hearse. The use of the word â€Å"But† implies that the previous verses were bad â€Å"But† if the last point (child prostitution) was rectified then a lot of things would improve. In the poem â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper† Blake is telling us about child exploitation in large industrial cities such as London. Through focusing on the plight of chimney sweeps. In it he is critisizing society, the church, the parents who allow their children to be used as slave labour and the employers who exploit them. In the poem â€Å"London† Blake was the observer. However in the poem â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper† Blake speaks through the voice of a child. ) This is extremely effective because of the child’s naivety and belief that if he is good everything will be alright. Tom, the child Blake speaks through believes this because, in a dream or vision he has, an angel tells him that â€Å"if he’d be a good boy, He’d have God for his father,and never want joy. . This could be saying that if Tom is good and continues to do as he is told (cleaning chimneys) then he will die and â€Å"have God for his Father†. This could also be irony from Blake by putting the teachings of the church in the voice of a child and telling us that only in the afterlife will he be happy. We know Blake felt that this teaching from the church encouraged the exploitation of the young, the poor and the vunerable. The rhythm of the poem suits its content and purpose because it is in the form of a nursery rhyme. For example, the last word of each verse rhymes with the last word of the line before. When my mother died I was very young, And my father sold me while yet my tongue Could scarcely cry â€Å"Weep! weep! weep! weep! So your chimneys I sweep, and in soot I sleep. This emphasises the innocence of the child saying the poem because it relates to â€Å"childhood fun† which the young chimney sweep never experienced. In â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper† Blake creates multi faceted images through his use of similes. We can see this when Blake says â€Å"coffins of black†. This can mean two things, the first being that the young chimney sweeps will end up in one of the black coffins because their job will lead to their death, or it could also mean that the children are in the chimney which is dark and black and which will kill them. A double meaning in a phrase is typically used by Blake to get more than one of his ideas across. Blake uses an interesting structural device at the start of the poem â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper† this is the word â€Å"SO†. At the end of the first verse the word â€Å"SO† is put in front of the line â€Å"So your chimneys I sweep†. This may be putting blame onto the reader; however it is more likely to be society’s guilt for allowing it to happen. However, in the last verse â€Å"So† is used in the last line in the phrase â€Å" So if all do their duty†. This is blaming society, the Church, parents and the owners of the children. This is because the poem says that if everybody did their duty they would step in to stop the chimney sweeper’s pain. â€Å"So† is also a structural device because after the evidence against society and the Church is shown â€Å"So† seems to condemn them. Blake uses colour to create symbolic contrast in this poem, this is kept going throughout. The colours are white and black. White is used when Blake is talking about innocence, helplessness and youth. We can see this when the young chimney sweep Tom comforts the other child who has had his head shaved so â€Å"the soot cannot spoil your white hair† This is one of many things that show the innocence of a child being destroyed purely for the duties of chimney sweeping. Blake tends to use the words black and soot whenever he is referring to something which is wrong. As when coffins are mentioned, creating the phrase â€Å"coffins of black†. Blake also shows the reader, through a dream or vision, how life should be for the children. This vision creates a strong contrast that emphasises the cruel reality of their lives. We can see this when Tom has a dream or vision, as Blake did as a child, of his friends being set free by an angel and being taken to a better and sunlit place. Instead of a dream being used to describe what Tom sees, the word â€Å"sight† is used. This may be telling us this is the way things should be instead of it only being a child’s dream of happiness. In the vision there is an angel who tells Tom â€Å"if he’d be a good boy, he’d have God for his father,and never want joy†. This could be Blake criticizing the Church for saying you can only be happy and have a good ‘life’ in heaven when you are dead. Blake employs the same tequnique of unusual combinations of words in â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper† as he did in the poem â€Å"London†. This may be because Blake was still trying to get similar points across to the public. In â€Å"London† there are phrases, such as, â€Å"marriage hearse†, Words that do not usually go together. We see the same thing in â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper† when Tom’s friend cries when he has his head shaved and his head â€Å" curled like a lamb This is a simile and creates the image of a small defenceless lamb in pain. The lamb could also be a symbol of innocence and sacrifice, telling us that tithe chimney sweeps are being sacrificed for the benefit of society who want their chimneys kept swept and don’t care how this is done or who suffers. The poem â€Å"Jerusalem† is the last of Blake’s poems I will be looking at. Today Jerusalem is often perceived as a patriotic song but its true message goes much deeper than many people realize. In this poem Blake talk’s mainly about one thing .This is Industrialisation .Blake does this by continuously referring to â€Å"when† England â€Å"was† a â€Å"pleasant land.† The poem Jerusalem has been set to music, which means that the mood is different to â€Å"London† and â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper†. The question s back†. And did those feet in ancient time Walk upon Englands’s mountains green? May be a reference to the legend that Joseph of Arithamea had once brought Jesus to England. This may be a metaphor to say that Jesus’s spirit lives on in England. Blake uses questions to invite the reader to recall England’s past. This is a rhetorical device used to draw the reader s interest into the poem. We can see this when Blake says And was Jerusalem builded here Amoung these dark satanic mills? This could be saying that England was once beautiful and had Holy meaning (like the town Jerusalem) but now is just an industrialized piece of land. The word â€Å"satanic† means, like Satan or a thing in hell. This gives the image of England once being a good place but now it resembles hell. Blake uses imperatives to show the force of his feelings. We can see this when at the start of the second verse the words â€Å"Bring me† are used to start the next four lines. Bring me my bow of burning gold; Bring me my arrows of desire; Bring me my spear; O clouds, unfold! Bring me my chariot of fire! This adds a sense of urgency to the poem as if we must hurry to return ‘our’ country England to its former better state. Blake describes modern industrialisation in dark terms in the last line of the second verse. Among these dark satanic mills? There are two words that create a sense of evil, dark and satanic. The word â€Å"mills† are used as a symbol of England’s industrialisation. The power of Blake’s feeling is expressed through his own personal readiness to take up arms, literally and metaphorically to defeat evil and restore his country to its former glory. We can see this in the forth verse when Blake says he â€Å"Will not cease from mental fight, Nor shall my sword sleep in my hand†. This could mean that Blake intends to keep writing poems to change people’s minds about England, to convince them to return England to the country it once was. Blake has a ‘utopian’ vision of England. The word ‘sword’ creates an image of a knight fighting, so, this may be suggesting the necessity of a physical fight. However this may also be referring to the saying â€Å"his tongue’s razor sharp† which means that Blake would continue to write poems in the belief that ‘the pen is mightier than the sword. The first four lines of the third verse suggest war since they each have weapons in them. These lines also have a mythical feel to them. Blake may see himself as a knight or hero who has come to help save England , but , as with Jesus, in â€Å"Jerusalem† he has not ‘come’ as what people expect, because words are his weapons not swords. In all three poems Blake conveys strong feelings about his society. He writes about the misery of poverty, the exploitation of the young and the helpless, the start of industrialisation and the consequences of sexual sin. In all three poems there are strong themes such as , child exploitation, in â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper†, Poverty in â€Å"London† and industrialisation in â€Å"Jerusalem† With the poem â€Å"Jerusalem† it could be said that it is ironic that a poem that says England is messed up is sung as a patriotic song which says ‘I am proud to be English’ . It could be argued that â€Å"London† is the most important poem out of the three discussed since it talked about the problems of Blake’ s time and the same problems still exist today such as poverty, exploitation of the helpless and prostitution. â€Å"London† is my favourite poem as it mirrors modern day London. The fact that we still have the same problems within society that Blake saw proves that times have not really changed very much .The wealthy still have the most power and in addition to the problems racism, and refugees, fleeing war and death in their own countries . I Blake saw we now have drugs destroying people’s lives, AIDS, think Blake would feel sorrow that all these years later there is still a huge divide between the classes. However’ he would be pleased that there is now education for everybody and working conditions, at least in this country, have improved. So maybe his poems did inspire people to question the justice of their own thoughts and actions.

The Asian Longhorned Beetle Prevention and Control

The Asian Longhorned Beetle Prevention and Control Trees favored by the Asian longhorned beetle are predominantly maples, but infestations have also been discovered in horse-chestnuts, poplars, willows, elms, mulberries, and black locusts. Currently, there is no known practical chemical or biological defense against the Asian Longhorned Beetle and, in North America, they have few natural predators. How Trees Killed Are Killed by ALB The Asian longhorned beetle is a black insect with white speckles that grows a long antenna. The beetle chews its way into hardwood trees to lay eggs. The eggs produce larvae and those larvae tunnel deep under the bark and feed on living tree tissue. This feeding effectively cuts off the trees food supply and starves it to the point of death. How ALB Spreads Studies have shown that an Asian long-horned beetle can fly as far as several city blocks in search of a new host tree. The good news is that the beetle tends to lay eggs in the same tree from which they emerged as adults - they usually limit their flights under normal conditions. Prevention Unfortunately, there are no methods developed to practically prevent or control Asian longhorned beetle. If you detect the presence of ALB, the only thing that will help is to contact local forestry officials for consultation. They can take steps to contain the outbreak. The only way currently known to combat the Asian Longhorned Beetle is to destroy the infested trees. While cutting down mature trees is not a great solution for the tree owner and a tragedy, it is preferable to permitting the Asian longhorned beetle to spread.

Critical Review of the pathogenicity of measles, the symptoms associated with the infection and how to prevent the potentially fatal disease. The WritePass Journal

Critical Review of the pathogenicity of measles, the symptoms associated with the infection and how to prevent the potentially fatal disease. Introduction Critical Review of the pathogenicity of measles, the symptoms associated with the infection and how to prevent the potentially fatal disease. IntroductionInfection and Spread  SymptomsVaccinesConclusionRelated Introduction Measles is a contagious human disease that mainly affects children. The measles virus (MV) that causes this systemic infection is a single stranded ribonucleic acid virus belonging to the genus Morbillivirus in the Paramyxovirus family.(2,3) As transmission is via air droplets, initiation of the infection occurs in the respiratory tract, and spreads to other organs. MV affects the immune system leading to a prolonged state of immune suppression which can result in several complications involving the respiratory tract and the brain e.g. encephalitis.   Immunisation using a live attenuated vaccine is the main preventative of the infection.   In 2000, the cases of infection of measles in Europe was rare due to vaccination, however in 2008 there was a total of 7,822 (5) with Switzerland having the highest incidence rate in Europe. (6) Measles are increasing in Ireland, with 320 cases reported within 8 months in 2009. (7) The objective of this assignment it to review the pathogenicity of measles, the symptoms associated with the infection and how to prevent this infectious and potentially fatal disease. Infection and Spread Infection is initiated in the respiratory tract. (8) The virus can then spread to the local secondary lymphoid tissues via dendritic cells of the lungs or the alveolar macrophages. (8) From here it can travel to the peripheral blood and spread via epithelial and endothelial cells to multiple organs. Research has suggested that in the later stages of the infection, the virus infects the epithelial cells of the respiratory tract facilitating in the spread of the virus. (9)   But how does the virus invade its host? MV is a non – segmented negative sense strand enveloped RNA virus that encodes 8 proteins: 6 structural proteins and 2 non-structural proteins. (8) The first 3 structural proteins are combined within the RNA. The (N) nucleoprotein protects the genomic RNA by forming the ribonucleocapsid. The phosphoprotein (P) and large polymerase protein (L) are involved in viral replication. (4, 8) The non- structural proteins C and V are responsible for the regulation of viral infection by interacting with cellular proteins. (11) The F and H glycoproteins found on the surface of the virus envelope, are responsible for the initiation of infection to susceptible host cells. These transmembrane proteins allow the virus to fuse with the host cell, penetration of the virus into the host cell and haemolysis. (4) The F protein facilitates the spread of the virus from one cell to the other by inducing cell fusion. (4) Transcription occurs within the cell to create more negative sense RNA for assembly of new budding viruses (see figure 1). (10) The matrix M protein is a non-glycosylated protein found in the inner lipid bilayer of the envelope. Its function is to connect the ribonucleoprotein complex to the envelope glycoproteins during viral assembly. (8) The H protein of the virus surface is responsible for receptor binding. CD46 was the first identified receptor for MV and is present on all nucleated cells. (8)   It was later discovered that the signalling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) also known as CD150 has also been identified as receptor for MV. (3, 8) In fact the receptor binding of CD46 seems to be limited to attenuated vaccine strains rather than the wild type which seems to have better affinity for the CD 150 receptor. CD150 is expressed on many immune cells including lymphocytes, dendritic cells and macrophages and is a member of the CD2 subset of the Ig superfamily. (3, 8) The structure of H protein of MV is well documented consisting of a globular head group composed of 6 anti-parallel B sheets. These are stabilised by two intra- monomeric disulphide bonds and partially covered with N-linked carbohydrates. (12) The binding regions for CD 46 and CD 150 (SLAM) are found adjacent to one another. (3) It has been widely documented that CD150 is the initial receptor targeted by the H protein of the virus but little is known on the receptors involved in the infection of epithelial cells as these cells do not express CD150. (3)   Tahara et al have resulted that â€Å"MV has the ability to infect both polarised epithelial and immune cells using distinctive receptor – binding sites on the H protein†. (3) His study used a CD150 negative human lung adenocarcinoma cell line (NCI-H358) to infect with the MV. The presence of the H protein was evident using monoclonal antibodies and suggesting that the H protein must have been using a different receptor binding site to infect the cells. (3) The pathogenesis of MV, initiates an immune response. It triggers a cell-mediated immune response which involves the activation of TH1 and release of interferon ÃŽ ± and interleukin 2 (IL-2). (13) In the later part of the infection an antibody- mediated response provides long term protection against future infections. TH2 lymphocytes are produced as well as IL-4 which favours the induction of a humoral response which is important for long life protection against re-infection. (8, 13) However MV has the ability to dominate the immune system and use it to its advantage. The suppression of the immune system results in secondary bacterial and viral infection which attributes to the number of fatalities associated with Measles infection. Moss et al suggested that there are many mechanisms that develop to immune suppression following a MV infection. (14) These include: Lymphocyte Apoptosis Impaired Lymphoproliferation Immunomodulatory Cytokines (Increased IL-10 and IL-4) IL-12 down regulation Impaired Antigen Presentation of Dendritic cells One of the clinical manifestations of MV is lymphopenia. This may be due to the reduction of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. Increased surface expression of Fas (CD95) during acute measles suggests that unaffected T lymphocytes undergo apoptosis. (14) Abnormalities in the lymphocyte function are found during and after MV infection. The virus inhibits IL-2 dependent T lymphocyte survival and proliferation. This is in response to an impaired protein kinase B activation caused by the H and F proteins of the virus. (14) In the acute phase of infection a T helper Type 1 (TH1) response is induced which shifts to T helper type 2 (TH2) in the later stage of infection which accounts for viral clearance and development of antibodies respectively. (8) The increased production of cytokines IL-10 and IL-4 in the TH2 response may be another mechanism for viral induced immunosuppression. IL-10 is an immunosuppressive cytokine which down-regulates the synthesis of cytokines and suppresses T cell proliferation and macrophage activation. (15) This prevents macrophage activation and TH 1 response to new infections. (8) As previously mentioned CD 46 is found on many immune cells including monocytes. As a result IL-12 produced by monocytes is downregulated. (16) IL-12 is essential for TH1 immune response. (15) The reduction in production of IL-12 favours TH2 and suppresses TH1 immunity. (17) Dendritic cells play a critical role in the presentation of antigen to naà ¯ve T lymphocytes. MV infection promotes maturation of dendritic cells but also alters its function (18) and mediates Fas induced apoptosis. It is now established that the non-structural protein C and V produced by the P gene plays a role in immunosuppression by interfering with interferon ÃŽ ±/ÃŽ ² signalling pathways. (8)   These proteins of the MV inhibits phosphorylation of STAT 1 and STAT 2 which are transcription factors involved in the Interferon pathway. (14)   Symptoms Clinical symptoms associated with measles include a fever and rash but a cough, coryza or conjunctivitis can also be seen. (9) It is after 10-14 days of infection that this characteristic rash is present and seems to be due to the individuals’ immune response to the virus. (8) The rash usually begins on the face and travels down to the extremities and can last for about 5 days before disappearing (4) Two thirds of patients show a white-marked enanthema on the buccal mucosa known as Koplik’s spot. (2) Koplik spots were first identified by Koplik in 1896 and are the pathognomonic of measles. (4, 5) Generally the resolution of the rash and fever begins after 7 to 10 days however the cough may persist for longer. (4) In many cases complication can occur resulting in infections of the respiratory tract and brain. Pneumonia accompanying measles may be due to the MV or a secondary bacterial infection. (4) 60% of infants infected with measles, can die from pneumonia while older children (10 -14 years) death is associated with acute encephalitis. (4) It seems that viral infection of the CNS is a common feature of measles but only a proportion of patients will present with clinical symptoms. Mild forms of measles have been observed due to passive immunity to the virus. Infants who have passively acquired antibodies to MV from the mother will present with some of the symptoms but depends on the degree of passive immunity that is achieved. (4) A study in China determined that mothers produced low levels of antibodies due to vaccination rather than natural infection. The outcome is reduced protection to the infant which can result in measles infection before the age of receiving a vaccine. (19) Atypical measles is associated with patients who received a vaccine using a killed MV rather than live attenuated vaccine and subsequently was exposed to the wild-type measles virus. Patients present with a low or undetectable titre which drastically rises after a few days. (4) As the symptoms may vary to classic measles, it can be misdiagnosed. Atypical measles is more severe than classic measles. Research has shown that this may be due to the fact that the killed vaccine lacks the antigen to stimulate immune response by preventing the virus entering the cells. (4) It has been shown that the killed vaccine does not produces antibodies to the F proteins which facilitate cell entry and spread of the virus. Immunocompromised patients present with severe measles due to their deficient cellular immunity. Secondary infections are often seen including pneumonia and encephalitis resembling SSPE.   Malnourished children especially in the developing world can suffer from severe measles. This may be due to intense exposure due to crowding or the inability to produce a cell-mediated response due to malnutrition. (4) Measles is regarded as an infection of childhood however adults do get infected and usually develop a severe form which can have complications. During pregnancy, an infected mother is not known to cause co-genital abnormalities to the foetus but may cause abortion or preterm delivery. (4) Vaccines The use of vaccines is the main preventative of Measles. The development of the first measles vaccine was in the 1960s. (20) Immunisation began with a inactivated (killed) vaccine, but resulted in short term protection and undeveloped immune system. (20) Immunisation with a live-attenuated vaccine can be administered as a monovaccine or in combination with mumps and rubella (MMR) or mumps, rubella and varicella virus (MMRV). (2) It is derived from a wild type of the virus known as Edmonston and processed through chicken cells. (8) In 1985, the measles virus was first introduced in Ireland, with the combination vaccine (MMR) emerging in 1988. (7) When the vaccine was first introduced in Ireland 9,903 cases of measles were reported. This dropped to 201 cases in 1987. (7) A two dose vaccine is essential for long lasting protection to the virus. (21) There are occasions when passive immunisation is required using immunoglobulin which include immunocompromised patients such as HIV positive patients. (4) Successful vaccination against infectious diseases depends on the vaccines ability to induce a protective response. Successful vaccination is dependent on the individuals’ human leukocyte antigen (HLA) haplotype which regulates the immune response. (22) There are two types of HLA proteins. The first, Class I consists of A,B and C alleles.   These bind to CD8+ T lymphocytes. (23) Class II DR,DQ and DP alleles attach and present peptides to CD4+ T lymphocytes. (23) The measles vaccine results in an iatrogenic attenuated measles infection. As mentioned previously, the C46 molecule serves as the receptor for the H protein of MV where it is broken down and presented to the immune system by the HLA system. (22) Studies have shown certain HLA alleles may impact differently on the responsiveness to the measles virus.   (22) For successful herd immunity to measles, most of the population needs to be immunised. However fears of the association of the MMR vaccine and autism have stopped parents from vaccinating their children. There is no scientific evidence to suggest any link with autism. (24) Research has suggested that Vitamin A supplementation may help prevent Measles infection in infants prior to vaccination. (25) Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis. (SSPE) One of the persistent secondary infections of MV is subacute sclerosis panencephalitis (SSPE) which causes demyelination of the central nervous system (CNS). (13) SSPE cannot occur without the presence of a direct measles and is found to be more prevalent in males than in females. (26) Research has shown that the earlier a patient is infected with MV the greater the risk of complications such as SSPE can occur. This is due to an immature immune system. (13) Conclusion The MV invades the neurons using the CD46 receptor and using its F protein. (13) There have been studies to suggest that another receptor CD9 aids entry into the cell. Once inside the cell the virus changes the machinery of the cells to avoid an immune response. It undergoes mutations of its own proteins to go unrecognised and reproduces within the neurons. (13) The virus can live as a â€Å"parasite† within the neurons for years. Finally it will damage the cell to an extent that apoptosis will occur and the immune system is triggered. Onset of SSPE is usually 6 years after infection and clinical symptoms present as intellectual deterioration and behaviour abnormalities.   Final stages include seizures, focal paralysis and death with akinetic mutism. (13) There is no cure for this fatal disease only a preventative. Other fears related to the vaccine were that it may cause SSPE however there is no evidence to back this case.

Behaviour For Learning And Management Of Students Education Essay

, 1999 cited in EPPI ) . This has been met by the outlooks set by the TTA via the Qualifying to learn, the new criterions and demands for Qualified Teacher Status ( QTS ) ( TTA,2002 ) . B4L is a construct that has been developed through a reappraisal of effectual behaviour direction schemes. It has been identified that B4L is a consequence of battalion of influences and non simply the desire of a scholar to misconduct and unwillingness to larn. It is of import to place the theoretical rules behind the manner in which scholars manifest themselves in footings of behavior, as identified in the principle for the EPPI systemic reappraisal of how theories explain larning behavior in school context. Behaviour for larning ( B4L ) identifies the nexus between pupils societal behavior and behavior and the manner in which they learn. The schools policy clearly states high outlooks of pupils, â€Å" We expect pupils to reflect this in their visual aspect, attitudes and behavior. We know we are modeling the citizens of the hereafter and will promote them to care for one another, be unfastened, just, honest and merely. We want them to hold a sense of pride in being portion of our school community. † ( School Aims, Staff enchiridion ) . Further to this the school s vision is to raise accomplishment by developing a civilization where ‘learning is at the bosom of the school community ‘ . To accomplish this vision the school identifies whole school precedences for 2010/2011 including bettering behavior and attending. It besides stated that the school will concentrate on integrating SEAL pattern in the schoolroom, which has been identified as an of import key in developing scholar ‘s emotional intelligence ( Coleman, 1996 ) supplying scholars with the accomplishment set to supervise and better their behavior independently. It was clearly identified in the School Development Plan that Behaviour for larning needed to be addressed ( appendix 1 ) . This was farther reinforced as a high precedence country during staff meetings and subsequent correspondence from the Head Teacher ( Appendix 1a ) , which focused on current issues in lessons and the demand to better B4L. Two cardinal issues that arose were the usage of nomadic phones within lessons and consistence of countenances ( Appendix 1a ) . It is interesting to observe that these both encompass the instructor and the scholar. It is refering to observe that usage of nomadic phones within lessons is being flagged as a B4L issue and non a mark of detachment. Intelligibly there is a close nexus between the quality of acquisition, instruction and behavior, and hence raises the inquiry can behaviour be improved through bettering the quality of larning A ; learning? The school clearly identifies that there is a demand to reenforce their school policies on beha vior for acquisition. Through initial observation it was interesting to observe the degree of behavioral issues happening both in and out of lessons. It poses the inquiry is this a school being pro-active in pull offing behavior for larning or re-active to behaviour that had non been managed systematically? This survey will concentrate on the schools current policy on behavior for larning and how this is implemented on a day-to-day footing. Through a reappraisal of the schools current policy and issues this survey will trust to propose future recommendations to better behavior for acquisition. Recent national policy has moved off from a punitory system where pupils were punished for making something incorrect ‘reactive ‘ and are now working towards understanding what causes scholars to be off undertaking and show unwanted behaviour ‘pro-active ‘ . With the recent development of particular educational demands designation and proviso it is no longer acceptable to react in a punitory manner. National policy now promotes the inclusion of a greater diverseness of scholars in schools irrespective of degree of accomplishment or societal behavior ( Department for Education A ; Employment ( DfEE ) , 1999 ) . It is of import for schools to recognize this and develop schemes to advance B4L as over 20 % of SEN proviso are scholars with societal emotional and behavioral upset ( SEBD ) ( Department for Children, Schools A ; Families, 2008 ) . SEBD scholars by nature can expose unwanted behavior unless managed in a positive manner, and would it non be deemed una cceptable from an instruction professional ‘s position for a scholar predisposed to expose hapless behavior as the consequence of a recognized upset, to fall victim to punitory actions. It is hence of import for schools to hold a well-structured B4L policy that coincides with the SEN policy. Communication between the SEN section and the remainder of the school is besides indispensable. ( back up with research ) excessively many lessons lack challenge and make non take sufficient history of pupils ‘ single capablenesss or promote independent acquisition. Besides, quality of marker and feedback by and large varies well across the school. However, a little minority of parents expressed positions that the school ‘s communicating with parents could be better, and besides that pupils ‘ behavior was non ever every bit good as it should be. Inspectors found behavior to be satisfactory overall, but variable. In general, pupils have a high respect for their school, bask their instruction and appreciate the assortment of chances on offer to them, both within the course of study and beyond. They are developing a good scope of personal accomplishments that are fixing them good for their instruction and employment after school. Ensure that lesson activities systematically challenge pupils of all ability groups to do better advancement and develop their independent acquisition accomplishments, particularly at Key Stage 4. Behaviour in lessons is satisfactory, although someinstances of students being excessively rambunctious were seen during the review. However, there is by and large non plenty truly disputing learning across the school to guarantee that pupils make systematically good advancement in their acquisition and therefore develop the assurance and ability to work independently. Where learning is less effectual, be aftering does non take sufficient history of pupils ‘ different capablenesss and get downing points, and is excessively teacher-directed. Teachers do supply some clear, detailed and utile written feedback, but this is inconsistent across the school and does non ever give specific advice about what pupils need to make to better their work – a job which persists since the last review. Behaviour For Learning And Management Of Students Education Essay , 1999 cited in EPPI ) . This has been met by the outlooks set by the TTA via the Qualifying to learn, the new criterions and demands for Qualified Teacher Status ( QTS ) ( TTA,2002 ) . B4L is a construct that has been developed through a reappraisal of effectual behaviour direction schemes. It has been identified that B4L is a consequence of battalion of influences and non simply the desire of a scholar to misconduct and unwillingness to larn. It is of import to place the theoretical rules behind the manner in which scholars manifest themselves in footings of behavior, as identified in the principle for the EPPI systemic reappraisal of how theories explain larning behavior in school context. Behaviour for larning ( B4L ) identifies the nexus between pupils societal behavior and behavior and the manner in which they learn. The schools policy clearly states high outlooks of pupils, â€Å" We expect pupils to reflect this in their visual aspect, attitudes and behavior. We know we are modeling the citizens of the hereafter and will promote them to care for one another, be unfastened, just, honest and merely. We want them to hold a sense of pride in being portion of our school community. † ( School Aims, Staff enchiridion ) . Further to this the school s vision is to raise accomplishment by developing a civilization where ‘learning is at the bosom of the school community ‘ . To accomplish this vision the school identifies whole school precedences for 2010/2011 including bettering behavior and attending. It besides stated that the school will concentrate on integrating SEAL pattern in the schoolroom, which has been identified as an of import key in developing scholar ‘s emotional intelligence ( Coleman, 1996 ) supplying scholars with the accomplishment set to supervise and better their behavior independently. It was clearly identified in the School Development Plan that Behaviour for larning needed to be addressed ( appendix 1 ) . This was farther reinforced as a high precedence country during staff meetings and subsequent correspondence from the Head Teacher ( Appendix 1a ) , which focused on current issues in lessons and the demand to better B4L. Two cardinal issues that arose were the usage of nomadic phones within lessons and consistence of countenances ( Appendix 1a ) . It is interesting to observe that these both encompass the instructor and the scholar. It is refering to observe that usage of nomadic phones within lessons is being flagged as a B4L issue and non a mark of detachment. Intelligibly there is a close nexus between the quality of acquisition, instruction and behavior, and hence raises the inquiry can behaviour be improved through bettering the quality of larning A ; learning? The school clearly identifies that there is a demand to reenforce their school policies on beha vior for acquisition. Through initial observation it was interesting to observe the degree of behavioral issues happening both in and out of lessons. It poses the inquiry is this a school being pro-active in pull offing behavior for larning or re-active to behaviour that had non been managed systematically? This survey will concentrate on the schools current policy on behavior for larning and how this is implemented on a day-to-day footing. Through a reappraisal of the schools current policy and issues this survey will trust to propose future recommendations to better behavior for acquisition. Recent national policy has moved off from a punitory system where pupils were punished for making something incorrect ‘reactive ‘ and are now working towards understanding what causes scholars to be off undertaking and show unwanted behaviour ‘pro-active ‘ . With the recent development of particular educational demands designation and proviso it is no longer acceptable to react in a punitory manner. National policy now promotes the inclusion of a greater diverseness of scholars in schools irrespective of degree of accomplishment or societal behavior ( Department for Education A ; Employment ( DfEE ) , 1999 ) . It is of import for schools to recognize this and develop schemes to advance B4L as over 20 % of SEN proviso are scholars with societal emotional and behavioral upset ( SEBD ) ( Department for Children, Schools A ; Families, 2008 ) . SEBD scholars by nature can expose unwanted behavior unless managed in a positive manner, and would it non be deemed una cceptable from an instruction professional ‘s position for a scholar predisposed to expose hapless behavior as the consequence of a recognized upset, to fall victim to punitory actions. It is hence of import for schools to hold a well-structured B4L policy that coincides with the SEN policy. Communication between the SEN section and the remainder of the school is besides indispensable. ( back up with research ) excessively many lessons lack challenge and make non take sufficient history of pupils ‘ single capablenesss or promote independent acquisition. Besides, quality of marker and feedback by and large varies well across the school. However, a little minority of parents expressed positions that the school ‘s communicating with parents could be better, and besides that pupils ‘ behavior was non ever every bit good as it should be. Inspectors found behavior to be satisfactory overall, but variable. In general, pupils have a high respect for their school, bask their instruction and appreciate the assortment of chances on offer to them, both within the course of study and beyond. They are developing a good scope of personal accomplishments that are fixing them good for their instruction and employment after school. Ensure that lesson activities systematically challenge pupils of all ability groups to do better advancement and develop their independent acquisition accomplishments, particularly at Key Stage 4. Behaviour in lessons is satisfactory, although someinstances of students being excessively rambunctious were seen during the review. However, there is by and large non plenty truly disputing learning across the school to guarantee that pupils make systematically good advancement in their acquisition and therefore develop the assurance and ability to work independently. Where learning is less effectual, be aftering does non take sufficient history of pupils ‘ different capablenesss and get downing points, and is excessively teacher-directed. Teachers do supply some clear, detailed and utile written feedback, but this is inconsistent across the school and does non ever give specific advice about what pupils need to make to better their work – a job which persists since the last review.

Software Liability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Software Liability - Essay Example We need to know more about software liability and know who should be held liable. Issues It is therefore helpful to know what should be protected to be able to make sure that software users are sheltered unintended consequences for any malfunction. Every piece of software comes will a license agreement which strips off the creator for any liability that may result using their product (Tompkins, 2000). We cannot just let the companies sell their products and then by just a click of the license agreement, the programmers are not liable anymore. What if the software is used in medical fields where lives are at risk? What protection should be provided for the end users? Do we have existing protection for the software users? Are the creators, programmers, owners protected too? Discussion Software users should therefore be protected with the contract that they had agreed with the providers, developers or programmers. Each software user enters into a contract or license agreement with the p roviders believing that all the statements regarding the product they wanted to buy or use are true. Thus, any defects and malfunctions of each product or software should be given utmost attention and reparation. According to Kaner (1997), there are a lot of theories which a software consumer is protected and software developer can be sued. The software developer or programmer can be held liable for criminal act and intentional tort, which includes intentional tampering of the consumer’s computer or loading viruses (Kaner, 1997). A consumer can also sue for strict liability and negligence which a defective product caused injury and damage to the consumer since each company has duty to take reasonable measures to make the product safe (Kaner, 1997). Kaner (1997) also included fraud, negligent misrepresentation, unfair deceptive trade practice, unfair competition, and FTC enforcement to cover for misrepresentation of product and other fraudulent and deceptive acts of the progra mmers regarding the software. Lastly, a programmer or company can be sued for breach of contract when in each software transaction, a user and a provider engages in a contract which gives obligation to each other (Kaner, 1997). These protections should not be expanded anymore. Venters (2007) stated that we also need to consider the types of failures that happen. As he explained, there is a big difference between intentional failure and accidental failure (Venters, 2007). Even if we say that consumers can greatly be affected by the malfunctions or defects of the product, we must also consider that the providers such as programmers or developers also did their best to provide the best product with good intention. The software producers, programmers, developers and owners are also protected. The scope of protection and likelihood of enforcement of protection varies by country (International Legal Protection for Software, n.d.). They are protected by Trade Act and other intellectual pro perty and copyright laws in several countries. They are also protected by the license agreement that the consumers or users and providers agreed into. Every time the users agree into license agreement, they are agreeing to the contract and therefore waiving their rights to complain regarding the products they are using. The consumers agreed to purchase the product stating that providers are not liable for any problems that may arise after such transaction. This is their

Pen Marked Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Pen Marked - Essay Example This discussion is an application of the steps of critical thinking in Penn-Mart case memo or case study. Before applying the steps of critical thinking in Penn-Mart case study, it would be important to outline the benefits of critical thinking. Browne and Keeley (2014) notes that critical thinking helps individuals react decisively, review and critic a presented material. In this respect, applying critical thinking in Penn-Mart memo forms the basis for its review and criticism. Based on the writers articulation of ideas and conclusions, the reader can either accept or reject the presented material. The first step of critical thinking as presented by Browne and Keeeley (2014) is identification of the issue and conclusion of the subject matter. In other words, this step involves identification of the argument, hypothesis and the projected or anticipated communication. To identifying the issue, Browne and Keeley (2014) advises that one ought to reflect and raise questions in regards to what the writer is responding or reacting to. In this respect, the issue in Penn-Marts case is the escalating expenditure in terms of healthcare benefits for the employees. Conversely, there must also be the identification of the conclusion in critical thinking. This involves a reflection on what the author of the material is seeks to establish (Browne and Keeley, 2014). In this case, the conclusion of Penn-Mart case can be deduced from the objective of the proposed "Get Well" program. It is the belief of the writer that improving employees awareness of their individual health status and subsequent ly assisting them identify health problems that could be alleviated or lessened by means of individual improvement approaches would significantly reduce the costs incurred by Penn-Mart through healthcare benefits. The writer clearly defines the issue and conclusion. The second step of critical thinking is identification of the rationale (Browne and Keeley, 2014). This

Effective Team and Performance Management Essay - 5

Effective Team and Performance Management - Essay Example 362). Therefore, an organization must always look for ways of bringing together all the departments to ensure that the specific goals and objectives are achieved. According to Furnham et al, (1993, p. 245-257), in an organization setting, the sources of conflict are varied. Many conflicts are related to psychological factors such as wrong attitudes towards accomplishing given tasks. Some members will normally not co-operate in various areas of an organization due to psychological factors that they pose. Some members may also have emotional problems which will be expressed at most times while the employees are working together. For example, some may show signs of ranging temper, some resentment while others become indifferent during moments of team work. They may not be able to bring forth their ideas with ease, hindering team work. There are also several behavioral practices that work contrary to team work (Kaplan & Miller 1987, p. 346-360). For example, some members may withdraw fro m the team, others choosing to choose the team members that they would want to work with. This will obviously hinder cooperation in the organization. Leadership plays a key role in the achievement of team work within the corporate world. A leader is any individual who is able to influence the employees towards a specific direction. Leadership may come from any level or department within an organizations setting (Kaplan & Miller 1987, p. 346-360). It is important that appropriate leadership is given, so that all the employees move towards the same direction. In this report, I reflect on various activities that have we have undertaken as a group, in the bid to learn more on the topic of team work. I use the tasks to understand how well team work can be accomplished within an organization. The outcomes of the teamwork within our group indicate the issues that surround cooperation and cohesion within the organizations. Reflection of various the tasks undertaken During our class work, we were called upon to take various tasks as groups. They would either be seminar activities or weekly activities. One of these activities included the egg flying contest. In this case, I and other team members were called upon to use all the resources that were available to ensure that an egg would not breaking after being dropped from a height of 2 meters. Several resources were availed to us, which included: six straws, one balloon, three elastic buds six cotton buds, and four papers; each one and a half centimeters. The task ahead was to be able to put our minds together and see how the materials available to us were of use. The team members had to use the resources ahead of them with a lot of care. The resources were limited, yet the given task had to be accomplished. There was need for the team to give way for a leader, one who everybody would listen to and who would give direction on how exactly to use the materials to accomplish the task ahead. In such a moment, most members f eared to fail, they wanted to be correct and perform the task to success. Therefore, a strong leader, one who would take into considerate the task ahead was needed. Our next exercise involved investigation of Cambridge crime. In this case, the team was supposed to investigate a crime scene that had happened in the nearby location. The accurate information in such a scenario was of great

Practical Life Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Practical Life - Research Paper Example For example, coming up with a Montessori classroom and environment oriented to foster learning. Logically, human beings are gifted with the need to learn. Education acquired by an individual person cannot be advantageous to another person since an individual need to achieve it by him or herself. Children learn faster from their environment because they possess a higher sensitivity, compassion, and curiosity to learn. Montessori developed a program that uses specially designed materials, which are intended to instruct. For example, enough room in a large Montessori classroom where children will move freely and be at liberty to undertake a task they want. These are ages of growth for human beings due to a very high stimuli response they possess to the surrounding environment. Montessori approved that a child’s fast growth is between birth and the sixth birthday, a period which, the child has a fast rate response to skills that when made use of the child can master abilities like language. The child is capable of mentally modeling their brain in response to the environment. For example, during the sensitive period for requesting assignment, the child is interested in coming up with suggestions. These are the periods of a child development whereby a child is highly motivated and determined due to their high sensitivity to seek new encounters and learning opportunities in their surrounding environment. During this period, the child experiences an unconscious development and occurs within the first six years of age. The Montessori classroom was designed to seize this moment in a child’s development. The environment proposed by Montessori is rich and reflect the dominance of stimulating all the primary senses. For example, when it comes to remembering issues taught in class and performed them without understanding. They occur in a child-learning environment and they have a rapid torrent of concentration. Montessori ruled out that, the precision of

Strategic Action Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Strategic Action Plan - Essay Example The location of the site is approximately one mile from a residential area and a surface local water withdrawal point. Farmers get irrigation water downstream from the site. Even though the drums are not marked, there is a strong belief that wastes from the industrial activities conducted 60 years ago include chemicals like chromium waste, PCBs, Toluene diisocyanate (TDI) and Acryl amide. The first step entails the process of identifying the natural properties of the chemicals present in the waste site, which may cause negative health impacts when exposed to human beings and other living things (Lu, & Kacew, 2002). Water and soil analysis will be conducted to ascertain the natural properties of the four chemicals present in the site and their adverse effects following their exposure. The water will be drawn from the stream near the damp site while soil will be collected from the surrounding farms. This step involves assessment of the significant aspects on quantitative and qualitative reaction to the chemicals present in the waste site. The major aspects considered in the hazard characterization process entail action mechanism, difference in reaction by the species, level and route of exposure (Lu, & Kacew, 2002). This procedure evaluates the numerical link amid exposure to the chemicals and effects. The process entails assessment of the dose at which an injurious effect s from the toxicants takes place. Exposure assessment considers the magnitude, frequency and duration of exposure to the chemicals for the entire populace, individuals or specific subgroups. In this step, a survey of the population leaving near the waste site will be conducted. Data collected via semi-structured questionnaires to ascertain evidence of illnesses, infertility, fetal birth abnormalities and death linked to the chemicals will help in ascertaining the risk of exposure (Acton, 2012). Determination of exposure will be conducted via computer models which, include questionnaires

Time Warp 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Time Warp 2 - Essay Example This tool helped me achieve my goal of yielding higher profits for Handheld, Corp. In this report, I included my analysis, the strategies I used, and what factors affected revenues for product X5, X6, and X7. Time Warp 1 Maribel P. Jabido Academia Research May 8, 2011 Analysis On the PDA simulator I had a final score of 1,185,800,553. I did better than Joe Schmoe by 20,890,196. I have observed that Joe’s strategy was a â€Å"lazy† implementation of marketing. If he took the time to analyze the performance of a product and what prices were appropriate to set, he would yield higher profits. I have made numerous attempts using a simulator to prove that my strategies worked better. I followed the advisor’s analysis and used it as my guide in pricing and allocation of R&D. One strategy I used for marketing handheld products is market segmentation. This is implemented by providing handheld products in different categories (X5, X6, and X7) to serve specific needs of tar get customers and increasing market share. Even with the discontinuation of X5 handheld in 2009, it was a strategy to market better available products to attract buyers. Pricing strategy was also what I’ve used relative to R & D allocations to generate profits. For instance, X5 sales were starting to decline. In 2008, I did not drop the price significantly or I would lose a lot of money. I was able to keep customers who purchased the X5 handheld for $240. Then, I decided to discontinue the product the following year to avoid more losses. R&D allocations were a bit tricky. I used the advisor’s analysis to manipulate the allocations. For example, when X5 was discontinued in 2009, I kept the same prices for X6 and X7 as of 2008 in 2009 and increased their R&D allocations to 30% and 70% respectively. The tremendous Jabido 2 increase in R&D had a positive impact on revenues. However, in 2008, I decided to distribute R&D of 25% equally to X5, X6, and X7 handheld products. Wh en I tried to reduce X5 R&D to 10%, I had a higher loss. With 25% R&D I was able to avoid the loss of -9,870,920 and reduced it to a loss of -$6,176,598. If I didn’t adjust that 10% R&D, it would affect profits for 2009. I also based my analysis on the product performance and on what level they are in terms of sales. For instance, X7 handheld was in the ‘growth phase’ in 2006 with a profit of $3,199,108. The following year, I reduced its price to $200 and allocated a higher R&D of 25%. The result was phenomenal. I had a profit of $23,555,939. Maintaining the price and R&D the following year, the profit for X7 was more than doubled. Here’s the breakdown of prices, R&D allocations, and profits for X5, X6, and X7: 2006 I increased the prices for all handheld products and decreased their R&D. As a result, advisory said X7 handheld was in the growth phase and potential X7 customers were new customers. X7 handheld performance was holding steady while X6 was pric ed the same as other competing products. Joe gained a higher profit of $295,185,249 in 2006. He performed better with all X5, X6, and X7 handhelds because the prices were lower although it was temporary. Jabido 3 2007 Since X6 performance was better than that of competition, I decided to maintain the price and R&D and it paid off as I had a higher profit. Joe sold X6 for only $400 this year which he could’ve made profit by selling them slightly higher. However, X5 sales were declining so I slightly lowered the price which is

Strategic Action Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Strategic Action Plan - Essay Example The location of the site is approximately one mile from a residential area and a surface local water withdrawal point. Farmers get irrigation water downstream from the site. Even though the drums are not marked, there is a strong belief that wastes from the industrial activities conducted 60 years ago include chemicals like chromium waste, PCBs, Toluene diisocyanate (TDI) and Acryl amide. The first step entails the process of identifying the natural properties of the chemicals present in the waste site, which may cause negative health impacts when exposed to human beings and other living things (Lu, & Kacew, 2002). Water and soil analysis will be conducted to ascertain the natural properties of the four chemicals present in the site and their adverse effects following their exposure. The water will be drawn from the stream near the damp site while soil will be collected from the surrounding farms. This step involves assessment of the significant aspects on quantitative and qualitative reaction to the chemicals present in the waste site. The major aspects considered in the hazard characterization process entail action mechanism, difference in reaction by the species, level and route of exposure (Lu, & Kacew, 2002). This procedure evaluates the numerical link amid exposure to the chemicals and effects. The process entails assessment of the dose at which an injurious effect s from the toxicants takes place. Exposure assessment considers the magnitude, frequency and duration of exposure to the chemicals for the entire populace, individuals or specific subgroups. In this step, a survey of the population leaving near the waste site will be conducted. Data collected via semi-structured questionnaires to ascertain evidence of illnesses, infertility, fetal birth abnormalities and death linked to the chemicals will help in ascertaining the risk of exposure (Acton, 2012). Determination of exposure will be conducted via computer models which, include questionnaires

Indirect free kick Essay Example for Free

Indirect free kick Essay There are fouls and misconduct happen during and sometimes after the match in football. When a player kicks or attempts to kick another opponent is one of the offences, however there are other ways of make an offence and that’s by tripping an opponent which can be used by using your hands to throw them down, using the legs which is a common one, however, it is also an offence to just stand in front of them or behind them. There are more offences and they are jumping at an opponent, charging them in a violent or in dangerous way, charging them from behind using boot feet, attempting or striking to strike at the opponent, holding and pushing an opponent and finally it is also an offence to handle the ball for example carrying it, striking it or using their hand or arm which is then followed up by giving the other team an indirect free kick. When a player has the ball and he makes a back pass to his goalkeeper directly, and the goalkeeper holds the ball with his hands or has any contact with his hand then the other team will be rewarded with an indirect free kick. This rule was put it in place recently in 1992 which was done because it stopped the goalkeeper from wasting time and holding the ball from opportunities to the other team and by also taking possession of the ball with the hands. This also stopped the goalkeeper from having more than 6 seconds limit of goalkeeper possession. Another reason for this rule to be put in place was because it made the games more interesting and less boring. In order for a team to score a goal, the whole ball passes over the goal line, in between the goalposts and under the crossbar. As you can see in the picture to the right, it shows that the whole ball has to pass otherwise even if it’s touching the line a little bit; it’s considered as play on with no goal. There have been some recent changes in football because a lot of times the referee is blamed for not making the right decision about the ball going in or not so therefore FA has introduced a new referee which is called an assistant referee and his job is to stand on the goal line to make sure and have a better view of the ball going in or not. They have done this because it ruins the fair play between the teams especially when the games are very important. In order for a team to win a match, the team has to have more goals than the other team and if it ends up being equal, then the game ends as a draw which means neither of the teams won. In some games there might be extra time provided because one team has to win so therefore they play with extra time.  A goal can be scored from anywhere on the play, from anyone who is playing and that included the goalkeeper too. Goals are also scored from penalties and free kicks. However a goal cannot be scored directly from a throw in so therefore it has to be touched by someone else after the throw in order to score a goal. A goal cannot be counted if the referee has not blown his whistle for the game to restart. Another way a goal cannot be scored is if you are taking an indirect free kick because it’s indirect so therefore the ball has to be passed to someone in your team and then you can score.

The Foreign Policy Of Nepal Politics Essay

The Foreign Policy Of Nepal Politics Essay Upon the formulation of the Maoist-led government, both India and China were closely watching the new Prime Ministers decisions. While India was vigilante as to whether the policies of the government predominantly and essentially compromised of pro-communism visionaries would reflect such ideologies. It was watchful of the possible strengthening of Chinas ties with Nepal due to alignment of the governments ideologies. Similarly, China has been very cordial towards Nepal ever since, with higher diplomatic correspondence, especially visits to Kathmandu, causing worries in India. The face of Indi-China relations are changing, thus the Nepalese foreign policies will need to adjust with the shifting tides.  [1]  Convincing its neighbours of a balanced and neutral position amongst the imperceptible tension shall be a herculean task for the diplomatic and political scientists of Nepal. The imperceptible tension is founded on the competition between these rising economies to be the biggest economic powerhouse in Asia, and subsequently the world. Both the economies (China and India) are growing exponentially. With regard to China, expert predictions are that its volume of trade, which is already bigger than that of US since 2012 (although the latter remains the biggest economy) will get bigger with its market expanding in Europe in such a way that even the European competitors with have high time matching up.  [2]  There have been speculations that in 2040, the Chinese economy will reach $123 trillion, or nearly three times the economic output of the entire globe in 2000.  [3]   India must be well aware about the growing dominance of China in regional market. It has alleged China of an encirclement strategy since the Chinese focus on the sector of transportation can be observed in the Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Burma, Sri Lanka and Pakistan and all of these countries have one significant commonality- they surround India.  [4]  However, these emerging superpowers are seeking to enhance their economic cooperation in the present light. The current Chinese  investments in India  are to the tune of around $580 million, a sizeable amount, which India and China are seeking to increase through agreed to a five-year plan on economic cooperation as well as setting up a joint working group (JWG) to go into all trade related issues.  [5]  The competitiveness has soured the diplomatic relations between China and India, if not stalled them since the volume of trade between these giant economies is in fact growing rapidly, with the volume of trade expected to i ncrease by as much as $30 billion dollars by 2015.  [6]   On the other hand, territorial skirmishes are still going on between these two hefty neighbours of Nepal. One critique pens that although it is highly improbable that these two archrivals of the 19th century would head towards a confrontation, the territorial skirmishes still loom large in the 21st century. The vestiges of the Sino-Indian war which dates back to the 1962 remains, since the border dispute has not been solved despite genuine attempts by both the parties for it. Both the parties have tightened the security in the borders by deploying more military forces, making it highly militarized, in fact, one of the highest in the world. Periodic clashes are not uncommon and set off the countries towards series of arguments.  [7]   Nepal should be a careful vigilante in the coming years of the concurrent power tussle and cooperation between the neighbours. That Nepal is the land bridge between India and China is a fallacy, these the nations share more border connected with each other. However, the clamours of any skirmishes taking place has had resonated in Nepal as well, in which both the neighbours wait for Nepals response. The equidistant policy of Nepal, which is also a constitutional directive principle of Nepal, finds itself being frayed when such happens. C.K. Lal makes following observation for prospects and limits for a productive foreign policy, amidst Sino-Indian relation  [8]  : Kathmandu has the potential to become the idea-bridge between the two giant neighbours; Nepal has the potential of emerging not as an information technology hub, but as a centre of excellence in learning Chinese and Indian economy, culture and society. Tourism development is a desirable goal, but rich Chinese are not going to come to Nepal to trek in the Himalayas for quite some time-they would rather go to Paris to learn the ways of living like Parisians or travel to London to have suits tailored at bespoke outfitters of Savile Rowà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦it would be too much to expect that Nepals economy stands to benefit from development of trucking routes between Bihar and Tibet. Nepalis have to learn to be interpreters of a new world order of which both their neighbors are going to be important players. Hindi needs to be celebrated for that reason, not because some Madheshis think that it is their mother tongue. More Nepalis have to begin learning Chinese. And Nepal needs to aim for a respectable place on the next EPI list. Similarly, Shrestha suggests that if Nepal could have 10% of the transportation crossing through its territory, it would be a billion dollar turnover for Nepal, whose worth cannot be overstated.  [9]   8.2 India China Interference or Nepals Imprudent Foreign Policy? There is nothing extraordinary for China and India to have political interest over Nepal. They reasons to have such an interest in Nepal because it is their neighbour with a contiguous territory sensitive to political unity and security.  [10]   One apt instance would be the visit paid by Prime Minister of Nepal Baburam Bhattarai to India in the recent past. Nepal did not present a concrete proposal through official channels in advance that would have given the Indians time to process it through their multiple agencies. The Nepal embassy in India-with its limited resources, lack of outreach among influential politicians and commentators, and dismal bureaucratic leadership-was unable to do the groundwork for a big breakthrough in quick time. While the visit was a success in restoring trust between the two governments, and kick-starting many bilateral mechanisms that had been inert, it was underwhelming only because of what the Nepali side had promised.  [11]   Managing the India-China dynamic will remain Nepals foremost diplomatic challenge in years to come. And if we go by this years track record, the Nepali establishment is still not equipped enough with the skills to do so tactfully. There was a vote for a position in an important UN body recently, with both India and China competing. At the last minute, Nepal decided to vote for China-Beijing, which had already served two terms on the body, lost. The rest of the South Asian region, including arch-rival Pakistan, had voted for India.  [12]  A reporter writes on the issue: For years, visiting Indian ministers and other dignitaries have been trying to project an image of deep amity with Nepal, reiterating that the two countries share age-old cultural, social and other ties. However, apparently, these vaunted ties do not extend to working together at the UN. Even as India celebrates the victory of its candidate A Gopinathan over his Chinese rival Zhang Yan at Mondays vote for a five-year term at the UNs Joint Inspection Unit, Indian mandarins in Kathmandu have been left unhappy by the fact that Nepal chose to vote against India.  [13]   The above is not going to the last time that Nepal is placed in a sticky situation, where it is to express its support to one of the two neighbours it does not otherwise intend to upset. The best way to go about it is a political honesty and transparency, which can only be possible if it has a certain foreign policy practice that it swears to, which should be the basis of its actions in relations to its neighbours and not speculations and predictions. 8.3 Adjusting to the Influence of Globalization and Global Economies Rapid momentums are taking place in the world and states are competing for a comfortable positions in world polity, economic security with a few on a head on with each other. Amidst such momentums, Nepal has a huge responsibility of catching up, for becoming a developed country from a troubled and struggling developing country. If we take a birds view of the globe, we can see phenomenal progresses going around. Since its downfall, Russia has gotten over its Lenin syndrome, Economic competitiveness has replace the imperial policies. Nongovernmental and transnational organizations are thriving. The recession has taken a toll majorly on United States and Europe. New economies are seeking to become the topdogs position beside the elite Superpowers, who still have successfully maintained their grasp on their own position. Asia is resurfacing as the basket of civilization with a steady Japan and agile India and China. It has been forecasted that in the next 15/20 years, Japan, Russia and Brazil, closely followed by Indonesia will emerge as major players in the international arena  [14]  . Scholars have opined following to be the face of world order by 2050:  [15]   China will continue in its mission to surpass the States as the ultimate economy and shall do so in a matter of 15-20 years, followed by India, who will not lag behind, standing besides the States and China by the time the calendar reads 2050. The elite powerhouses of present day will maintain their status quo, but will not be able to prevent the present day average economies, with a considerable economic growth rate, from catching up. Europe will continue to go with the transnational policy and will extend its relations with other growing economies. Either the world will witness a chronic food deficit, crumbling the deprived pockets of globe and their malnourished population, or the nations will work expeditiously towards fulfilling their commitment, thus eliminating chronic hunger. International organizations, transnational organizations and Nongovernmental organizations gain momentum. Those such as WTO will gain more prominence as the least and developed nations, along with average will form alliances and voice demands for enhanced participation and privileges. 8.4 Reinforcing the Importance of Regional Organizations The feats that regional organization can achieve are evident in the economic order of the European Union, the control displayed by NATO in the Kosovo in the name of humanitarian assistance, the cartel of OPEC over supply of petrol to the nooks and crannies of globe, the effective solidarity demonstrated by AU and ASEAN for the collective interest of their regions among others. South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) was established in 1985, on 8th December. Bangladesh and Nepal explicitly lobbied for it at various meetings. Since its inception, SAARC has SAARC has developed and consolidated its institutional framework and the scope and volume of its activities has expanded, with the setting up of 11 Technical Committees.  [16]   Democratization process in the region is picking up: The recently adopted SAARC Democracy Charter gives expression to collective commitment of the member states to promote and preserve values and ideals of democracy and democratic institutions. The Charter also reinforces the supremacy of the Member States respective constitutions and envisions strengthening democratic institutions by reinforcing democratic practices. Guarantee of the independence of judiciary and primacy of rule of law along with the commitment to adhere to UN Charter and other international instruments are some of the salient features of the Charter.  [17]   However, SAARC has even been labelled the most derided regional association in the world. It has been ridiculed for its incompetence in promoting regional trade, security, unity and a whole host of other issues. It has been called to be merely an avenue for leaders to partake in photo opportunities.  [18]  Ã‚   However, there is no other alternative to SAARC for South Asians. It cannot choose not to have any sort of regional cooperation or only promote bilateral relations.  [19]  Ã‚   The importance of SAARC for Nepal is immense. The impediments of globalization have made regionalism more preferable for small states. Inoguchi and Bacon enumerate on the argument drawing reference to the East Asian small states who despite their developmentalist-based successes have been poorly equipped to address and manage their high levels of interdependence sensitivity and in such lights have realized that their best response to this sensitivity to globalization is to develop an explicitly regionalist approach, but that in order to do this they have had to adapt to different and more transparent proto-democratic norms of political and economic self- and collective governance.  [20]   Trivedi asserts that the South Asian countries, on a positive note, do have a number of inherent advantages with regard to regional co-operation. They command a huge potential market with a combined population of more than 1.5 billion people. What is needed is to enlarge, integrate and unify this market by removing barriers to trade and taking other measures that will enhance regional co-operation.  [21]   Nepal should promote reinvigoration of SAARC. SAFTA is a pact signed 2004 by the SAARC member states, through which the member states intend and elevate common contracts among themselves, involving trade operated by states, supply and import assurance in respect of specific products. Agreements are to be concluded for tariff concessions and non-tariff concessions (sensitive list). This could provide special preference to least developed SAARC member like Nepal.  [22]   8.5 Other Critical Areas not to be Left Out Combating poverty is in the epicentre of Nepals foreign policy, especially in terms of foreign aid and assistance. Managing the refugee problem and fulfilling its international treaty obligation towards human rights, upliftment of women and children will be vital for Nepal to improve its impression in the international forums. Climate Change will be one of the most pressing issues in the 21st century. For countries like Nepal, the test of climate policy and action is how the communities will see change in their adaptation to the adverse effects climate change which they are already experiencing. Of crucial importance to Nepal is also the issue of protection of the Himalayan ecosystem against the adverse effect climate change, including through the melting of glaciers. Comprehensive framework for adaptation will also need to address the needs for disaster risk reduction. The indispensability and vulnerability of mountain ecosystem in addressing sustainability found a reference in the Rio+20 declaration, owing to Nepals diplomacy as chair of the LDCs. This needs to be further pursued. The continuation of Adaptation Fund created from 2% from CDM under the Kyoto Protocol is also equally important for us.  [23]   Another area the commendable participation in the UN Peacekeeping operations that has improved Nepals image in the international forum.  [24]  Such endeavours should be continued for Nepal to gain positive attention of its regional partners as well as other international vigilantes. CHAPTER XI 9. CONCLUSION SUGGESTION Annette Baker Fox writes, The distinctive power of great states flows from their military strengthà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦for the Small state, diplomacy is the tool of statecraft.  [25]  Ã‚  Ã‚  Historically foreign policy has been a vital tool of Nepali statecraft and test of statesmanship. The nature of politics which is witnessing fundamental changes in the entire spectrum of issues/interests, institutions and actors in a crucial time (21st  Century) and location (in Asia between India and China) makes Nepals foreign policy formulation and conduct of diplomacy particularly challenging now.  [26]  The diplomats and policy framers of Nepal should be aware about the fact that its position, whether economic, political or geographic, confers upon it certain rights and privileges, and it is the international obligation of developed states to uphold them. It has, for instance, certain rights to transit and passage being a landlocked country, provided it hones in its diplomats the quali ty to not flinch while asserting demands of exercise of such rights and privileges in concerned platforms. Dealing with simultaneously cooperating and competing regional and global super-powers embroiled in their own internal upheavals in a rapidly changing global political and economic order and strategic equation demands access to right information and ability to interpret it with knowledge, understanding and experience. Historical intricacies and new complexities seen through the eyes of simple convictions, outdated dogmas or vested interests distort comprehension; policies based on them can lead to unintended serious consequences.  Ã‚  [27]  Ã‚  Nepal can be no exception to this recommendation for the reason of it having just resurfaced through a horrendous armed conflict. Sympathy-based foreign aid and assistance cannot be sustained for long, since resources are diverted elsewhere when the crisis is worse. Sustainable development also requires Nepal to strength its resources. Development of human resource in fields of trade and energy will be crucial for Nepal in the days to come . 9.1 Relations of Trust and Confidence with India and China Historically Nepal is the meeting point of two great civilizations and today it is one of the epicentres of competing interests in an impending global paradigm shift. Located between two global economic and strategic powerhouses, Nepal can greatly benefit from developments taking place in India and China today. However, it is essential to realize that proximity adds vitality but also sensitivity and complexity in interstate relations demanding high priority and careful handling.  [28]  As late Prof. Yadu Nath Khanal, the most respected Nepali diplomat scholar wrote long ago our foreign policy will breakdown at the point where either India or China looses faith in us and concludes that her vital national interests and sensitivities do not receive proper recognition in our conduct of relations. Changing global and regional political, economic and security needs and the seriousness of the challenges faced by the South Asian states, particularly extreme poverty and threats from terro r networks have made things more complicated.  [29]   Nepals national sovereignty and territorial integrity while the other feels so exposed that it feels compelled to apply its own Monroe doctrine. In this sensitive relationship, vain debates,  name-calling and finger pointing  only  raise risks of more external involvement in internal power contests. So, domestic politics is the biggest problem of Nepals foreign policy today; restoration of trust and confidence with all our foreign friends and partners, but most importantly India and China is the top priority of Nepals foreign policy making and conduct of diplomacy.  [30]   9.2 National Interest, but also Guiding Principles Nepal will have to come up with a guideline on its equidistance principle very soon if it does not want to get too deep into the Tibet-China struggle. It has not allowed Tibetans to hold protests against China on its soil on number of occasions, including the birthday of the exiled Tibetan leader the Dalai Lama, who is reviled by Beijing as a separatist. While Nepal cannot swear support to the One China Policy, it cannot discharge of Chinas insinuations of assistance in exchange for such support. National Interests and guiding principles should both be concerns of Nepal.  [31]   9.4 Active role in SAARC Many institutions of SAARC framework lies in Kathmandu, including the SAARC Secretariat. Nepal has been a favourite venue for hosting several SAARC summits. If Nepal proactively persuades reenergizing SAARC, it can only benefit from being the hub for south Asian diplomacy, to some extent, what Luxembourg is for the European Union. 9.5 Economic (Development) Diplomacy Nepal will firstly have to work a way to limiting and subsequently finishing off its international debt and appeal for waivers and grants. It will have to negotiate with not only its neighbours but other prospective countries for making free trade agreements, duty-free and excise agreements and such. It should demonstrate strong leadership as the chair of the LDCs in platforms like WTO and UN. 9.6 Forward looking and Dynamic Diplomacy Edward Hallett Carr suggests, before the First World War, in most democracies war was regarded mainly the business of soldiers and as a corollary, international relations and foreign policy the business of professional diplomats, outside the scope of domestic party politics or a matter of public scrutiny. The war of 1914 once and for all changed the view that war only affects and can be conducted by professional soldiers. It also ended the corresponding notion that foreign policy could safely be left in the hands of professional diplomats.  [32]   To encapsulate in a few points, the areas to be worked out in the future for a sound foreign policy with regard to India and China would be: Development of foreign policy guidelines, such as on the equidistance principle Honing negotiation skills Democratization of foreign policy A renewed vigor and proactive participation in SAARC Vigilance of the interactions between India and China.